consultation | Formularios

Coastal Disaster Risk Profile and Adaptation Recommendations Considering Climate Change Scenarios for Belize

3rd Workshop

On-Line Consultation

1 Contact Details

2 Data collection – Prevention RRM

3 Data collection – Protection RRM

4 Data collection – Preparedness RRM

5 Data collection – Recovery RRM

6 Validation of preliminary recommendations in PHS

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VALIDATION WITH STAKEHOLDERS OF PRELIMINARY RRM PROPOSAL IN PHS.
- The ten PHS are listed from north to south:
  1. Corozal
  2. Ambergris Caye North
  3. Ambergris Caye South
  4. Caye Caulker North
  5. Belize City North
  6. Belize City South
  7. Gales Point
  8. Dangriga
  9. Placencia
  10. Monkey River
Corozal
Corozal
Diagnosis
- Flooding caused by tropical cyclones is the key issue in Corozal PHS. Particularly, in the future, under sea-level rise derived from climate change. In this PHS, the existing seawall already provides protection against coastal flooding and, at the same time, it limits coastal erosion. Therefore maintenance of coastal structures is highly recommended, in order to maintain the protection level provided by the existing seawall regarding both coastal flooding and coastal erosion. This PHS is located in an urban area densely populated. So additionally, all preparedness measures are recommended regarding coastal flooding, such as early warning systems and emergency plans for the evacuation during tropical cyclones. In view of the increase in flood height caused by climate change in the future, flood protection might become too costly and therefore other prevention measures are recommended. In the first place a complete hazard, exposure, vulnerability and risk assessment under climate change is recommended to estimate the expected damages related to coastal flooding caused by tropical cyclones in the future. Based on this assessment other prevention measures and recovery measures can be recommended.
Do you agree with diagnosis?
Revised diagnosis
Do you agree with RRMs in Corozal?
- Building codes and regulations
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
- Flood-proofing
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
- Land use regulations and urban planning
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
- Hazard, exposure, vulnerability and risk assessments under coastal flooding and erosion
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
- Maintenance of coastal structures, beach width, coastal ecosystems and habitats
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
- Early warning systems
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
- Emergency and contingency plans
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
- Clean-up and restoration activities
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
- Disaster assistance
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
- Insurance policies
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
Ambergris Caye North
Diagnosis
- Impacts on beaches related to coastal erosion caused by tropical cyclones in this area (Ambergris Caye North) has been found to be second highest in the country (after Ambergris Caye South). The estimated erosion of mangroves under tropical cyclones in this area, although very limited, is also remarkable. This erosion estimates remains steady under climate change scenario in the future horizon year 2050. Nevertheless, aerial pictures of the area do not show durable major changes on the shoreline and thus it is assumed that erosion recovery takes place rapidly after a hurricane hits this area. Coastal flooding under tropical cyclones is the key issue in this PHS, since the storm surge can cover the entire island, with a return period of 100 years or higher in the current situation and aver 50 years return period under climate change scenario in the future horizon year 2050. On the one hand, most of the shore of this PHS is covered with mangroves, which have been proven to provide an efficient protection against coastal erosion, and on the other, the Belize Barrier Reef provides additional protection against all hurricane-derived impacts. Therefore, coral reef conservation and maintenance of coastal ecosystems and habitats (particularly mangroves) are highly recommended in this PHS. In view of the high flooding risk along with the already ongoing urban development in this PHS, preparedness measures are also highly recommended for the evacuation of people during a hurricane. Regarding the already existing resorts and developments, risk transfer measures are recommended to boost recovery following a hurricane, and in the areas that remain natural in this PHS, land use regulations are recommended to limit further development along the seafront by means of coastal setbacks.
Do you agree with diagnosis?
Revised diagnosis
Do you agree with RRMs in Ambergris Caye North?
- Land use regulations and urban planning
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
- Maintenance of coastal structures, beach width, coastal ecosystems and habitats
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
- Coral reef conservation
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
- Early warning systems
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
- Emergency and contingency plans
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
- Education programs
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
- Raising awareness campaigns
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
- Insurance policies
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
Salto de sección
Ambergris Caye South
Diagnosis
- Impacts on beaches related to coastal erosion caused by tropical cyclones in this area (Ambergris Caye South) has been found to be the highest in the country. This erosion estimates remains steady under climate change scenario in the future horizon year 2050. Nevertheless, the vertical seawalls in this PHS hold the shoreline and no major changes on the shoreline have been observed. Coastal flooding under tropical cyclones is the key issue in this PHS, since the storm surge can cover the entire island, with a return period of 100 years or higher in the current situation and aver 50 years return period under climate change scenario in the future horizon year 2050. Most of the shore of this PHS is covered by seawalls that hold the shoreline and therefore, maintenance of coastal structures is highly recommended, in order to maintain the protection level provided by the existing seawall regarding coastal erosion. Coral reef conservation is also recommended in order to ensure that the protection provided by the Belize Barrier Reef is preserved. Regarding coastal flooding, this PHS is densely populated, so all preparedness measures are highly recommended for the evacuation during tropical cyclones, such as early warning system and emergency plans, along with risk transfer measures to boost recovery after a hurricane hits this PHS, in view of the large amount of resorts and developments along the seafront.
Do you agree with diagnosis?
Revised diagnosis
Do you agree with RRMs in Ambergris Caye South?
- Maintenance of coastal structures, beach width, coastal ecosystems and habitats
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
- Coral reef conservation
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
- Early warning systems
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
- Emergency and contingency plans
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
- Insurance policies
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
Salto de sección
Caye Caulker North
Diagnosis
- Impacts on beaches and coastal structures related to coastal erosion caused by tropical cyclones in this area (Caye Caulker) has been found to be negligible. Nevertheless, it is remarkable that the estimated erosion of mangroves in Caye Caulker, although very limited, is the highest in in the country. Under climate change scenario in the future horizon year 2050, erosion of mangroves is expected to increase. Coastal flooding under tropical cyclones is the key issue in the whole island of Caye Caulker, since the island is only 2.5 m at its highest point and storm surge can cover the entire island, as occurred during Hurricanes Hattie (1961) and Keith (2000). Other major hurricanes have devastated the island such as Mitch (1998) and Earl (2016). This is also the key issue in Caye Caulker North PHS, especially after the removal of most mangroves in the area. This issue is expected to be exacerbated in the future due to sea-level rise caused by climate change. The Belize Barrier Reef provides protection against all hurricane-derived impacts along with the remaining mangroves in this PHS. Therefore, coral reef conservation and maintenance of coastal ecosystems and habitats (particularly mangroves) are highly recommended in this PHS. Given the number of visitors to Caye Caulker, education programs for residents and raising awareness campaigns for tourists can be linked to this activities. In view of the already ongoing urban development in this PHS, preparedness measures are also highly recommended for the evacuation of people during a hurricane. Regarding the already existing resorts and developments, risk transfer measures are recommended to boost recovery following a hurricane, and in the small areas that remain natural in this PHS, land use regulations are recommended to limit further development along the seafront by means of coastal setbacks to preserve the remaining stretches of mangroves along the seafront and maintaining their valuable protection against coastal erosion and flooding.
Do you agree with diagnosis?
Revised diagnosis
Do you agree with RRMs in Caye Caulker North?
- Land use regulations and urban planning
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
- Maintenance of coastal structures, beach width, coastal ecosystems and habitats
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
- Coral reef conservation
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
- Early warning systems
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
- Emergency and contingency plans
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
- Education programs
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
- Raising awareness campaigns
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
- Insurance policies
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
Salto de sección
Belize City North
Diagnosis
- Coastal erosion related to tropical cyclones in this area (Central Region-Central) has been found to be negligible. The only observed changes in this PHS during the last 15 years on the shoreline position are related to small portions of reclaimed land. The key issue in both Belize City North and South PHS is not only coastal flooding associated with tropical cyclones but the combination of pluvial, fluvial and coastal flooding. In the future, the current coastal flooding risk associated to tropical cyclones is expected to be exacerbated due to climate change effects, particularly sea-level rise. Given the existing urban development and population density in this PHS, the implementation of building codes and regulations and flood-proofing are highly recommended regarding coastal flooding, particularly in Belize City North PHS. For the whole city and not only for the selected PHS, the recommended RRM against coastal flooding is the construction of a coastal perimeter seawall and several sluices to prevent seawater getting into the urban area during flood events as well as all preparedness measures for the evacuation of people during a hurricane. Additional RRM can be recommended regarding fluvial and pluvial flooding, that are out of the scope of this document.
Do you agree with diagnosis?
Revised diagnosis
Do you agree with RRMs in Belize City North?
- Building codes and regulations
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
- Flood-proofing
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
- Seawalls
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
- Early warning systems
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
- Emergency and contingency plans
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
- Education programs
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
- Raising awareness campaigns
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
Salto de sección
Belize City South
Diagnosis
- Coastal erosion related to tropical cyclones in this area (Central Region-Central) has been found to be negligible. The only observed changes in this PHS during the last 15 years on the shoreline position are related to small portions of reclaimed land. The key issue in both Belize City North and South PHS is not only coastal flooding associated with tropical cyclones but the combination of pluvial, fluvial and coastal flooding. In the future, the current coastal flooding risk associated to tropical cyclones is expected to be exacerbated due to climate change effects, particularly sea-level rise. Given the existing urban development and population density in this PHS, the implementation of building codes and regulations and flood-proofing are highly recommended regarding coastal flooding, particularly in Belize City North PHS. For the whole city and not only for the selected PHS, the recommended RRM against coastal flooding is the construction of a coastal perimeter seawall and several sluices to prevent seawater getting into the urban area during flood events as well as all preparedness measures for the evacuation of people during a hurricane. Additional RRM can be recommended regarding fluvial and pluvial flooding, that are out of the scope of this document.
Do you agree with diagnosis?
Revised diagnosis
Do you agree with RRMs in Belize City South ?
- Building codes and regulations
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
- Flood-proofing
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
- Seawalls
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
- Early warning systems
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
- Emergency and contingency plans
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
- Education programs
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
- Raising awareness campaigns
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
Gales Point
Diagnosis
- Shores along the peninsula are stable according to observations and therefore no erosion problems have been detected in this PHS. As for flooding, the narrow shape of the peninsula makes it highly vulnerable to tropical cyclones. Under climate change scenario in the future horizon year 2050, flood height is expected to rise. Therefore, flooding caused by tropical cyclones is the key issue in Gales Point. Particularly, in the future, under sea-level rise derived from climate change. Due to the low probability of flooding due to tropical cyclones in this area, no immediate action is recommended. However, if there are signs of an increasing flooding hazard associated to tropical cyclones in the future due to climate change, preparedness measures for the evacuation of the peninsula during a hurricane might be recommended (preparedness measure) along with building codes and regulations (prevention measure) to encourage property owners to implement flood proofing.
Do you agree with diagnosis?
Revised diagnosis
Do you agree with RRMs in Gales Point?
- Building codes and regulations
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
- Flood-proofing
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
- Early warning systems
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
- Emergency and contingency plans
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
- Education programs
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
- Raising awareness campaigns
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
Salto de sección
Dangriga
Diagnosis
- In this area (South Norther Region-North) coastal flooding related to tropical cyclones has been found to be negligible. The key issue in Dangriga PHS is shoreline erosion. Shoreline change has been observed mainly between North Stann Creek mouth and Havana Creek mouth, where there has been some level of intervention taking place to minimize the amount of damage that is being done to the beach. Residents have taken it upon themselves to begin to throw old car tires at the point of erosion in an effort to prevent any more from taking place. Nevertheless, this erosion has been observed to be partially related to annual oscillations caused by changing prevailing waves and the sporadic sediment yield from the rivers. Northward prevailing marine climate washes away sediments from beaches in this PHS, whereas southward prevailing marine climate distributes the river sediment along this PHS preventing erosion. Southward of Havana Creek mouth no major shoreline changes have been observed. At the southern boundary of this PHS a rigid structure partially retains sediments, although a sediment by-pass southward of Dangriga PHS is evident. Although coastal erosion has been observed in this PHS, many uncertainties remain regarding the processes that cause this erosion. Therefore, in the first place, a complete coastal morphodynamic modelling and assessment (prevention measure) including a hydrological assessment to determine the river sediment yield and the effects of climate change is recommended in order to understand the causes of erosion, sediment sources and sinks and estimate shoreline position changes. This hazard assessment is recommended to be completed with a vulnerability and risk erosion assessment in order to estimate the expected damages in the mid-long term. Following this assessment, a combination of prevention and protection measures are recommended for different areas of this PHS. These RRM include: hard engineering (seawall) and soft engineering (sand re-nourishment for beach restoration) measures to limit or completely avoid erosion and the definition of coastal setbacks (land use regulations and urban planning), where erosion cannot be avoided.
Do you agree with diagnosis?
Revised diagnosis
Do you agree with RRMs in Dangriga?
- Land use regulations and urban planning
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
- Hazard, exposure, vulnerability and risk assessments under coastal flooding and erosion
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
- Beach restoration
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
- Seawalls
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
- Sand re-nourishment
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
Salto de sección
Placencia
Diagnosis
- In 2001 Hurricane Iris, a Category 4 hurricane with a storm surge of 3 – 5 m destroyed 80% of houses, 90% of the tourist accommodation facilities and nearly all bridges and piers in Placencia Peninsula. However, in this area (South Central Region-North), this kind of coastal flooding event is related to a return period higher than 500 years and beach erosion related to tropical cyclones has been found to be negligible. Impacts of tropical cyclones on coastal structures are remarkable in this area (South Central Region-North), with the highest rate in the country of scour at the foot of vertical seawalls. The Placencia Airport, located in the middle point of Placencia PHS, is surrounded by the Placencia Road, which is only a few meters from the shoreline which has been stabilized by means of a vertical seawall. Therefore, the key issue in Placencia is seawall stability along the Placencia Road, next to the Placencia Airport, keeping in mind that climate change is expected to exacerbate the impacts of tropical cyclones on coastal structures. Additionally, chronic coastal erosion (not directly related to tropical cyclones) at Rum Point is also relevant. Due to the high risk of collapse of coastal structures under tropical cyclones in this area and the relevance of the road and airport located in this PHS, in the first place, the maintenance of the existing seawall (prevention measure) is recommended to avoid damages to the Placencia Road and Airport. Additionally, a complete hazard, vulnerability and risk erosion assessment (prevention measure) including the effects of climate change is recommended in order to estimate the shoreline position and expected impacts to the Placencia Road and Airport in the mid-long term. Following this assessment, land claim (hard engineering protection measure) for the relocation of the Placencia Road and/or Airport might be necessary. Although coastal erosion has been observed at Rum Point, some uncertainties remain regarding the processes that cause this erosion. Therefore, a complete coastal morphodynamic modelling and assessment (prevention measure) including the effects of climate change is recommended in order to understand the causes of erosion and estimate the shoreline position and expected damages in the mid-long term. Following this assessment, prevention and/or protection measures might be recommended to prevent damages to properties and infrastructures and to limit or completely avoid erosion.
Do you agree with diagnosis?
Revised diagnosis
Do you agree with RRMs in Placencia?
- Hazard, exposure, vulnerability and risk assessments under coastal flooding and erosion
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
- Maintenance of coastal structures, beach width, coastal ecosystems and habitats
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
- Land claim
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
Salto de sección
Monkey River
Diagnosis
- In 2001, Hurricane Iris, a Category 4 hurricane with a storm surge of 3 – 5 m, destroyed Monkey River Village. However, in this area (border between South Central Region-South and South Region-North) this kind of event is related to a return period higher than 500 years and coastal erosion related to tropical cyclones has been found to be negligible. Therefore, the key issue in Monkey River is coastal erosion caused by a reduction in the river sediment yield attributed to sand mining along the river banks, the diversion of river waters for irrigation and the construction of an upstream river dam. Erosion is not uniform along this PHS. The highest erosion rate takes place on the south of the PHS. Also, the river mouth is highly dynamic and shows seasonal features that change rapidly. Although coastal erosion has been observed in this PHS, many uncertainties remain regarding the causes of this erosion. Therefore, in the first place, a complete hazard, vulnerability and risk erosion assessment including the effects of climate change is recommended in order to estimate the shoreline position and expected damages in the mid-long term. Following this assessment, a combination of prevention and protection measures are recommended for different areas of this PHS. These RRM include: hard engineering (seawall) and soft engineering (sand re-nourishment for beach restoration) measures to limit or completely avoid erosion and the definition of coastal setbacks (land use regulations and urban planning), where erosion cannot be avoided.
Do you agree with diagnosis?
Revised diagnosis
Do you agree with RRMs in Monkey River?
- Land use regulations and urban planning
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
- Hazard, exposure, vulnerability and risk assessments under coastal flooding and erosion
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
- Beach restoration
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
- Seawalls
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
- Sand re-nourishment
- Do you agree with RRM?
- Reason for disagreement
Salto de sección
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	Don´t Know / Don´t Answer	Competent	User or Interested	No relevant
San Pedro Town Council (SPTC).
Local Building Unit (LBU).
Belize Tourism Unit (BTB).
Caye Caulker Village Council (CCVC).
Central Building Authority (CBA).
Local Building Authority.
Belize Association of Planners (BAP).
Town Council Building Unit.
Association of Professional Engineers.
Hol Chan Marine Reserve.
Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) Plan.
Coastal Zone Management and Institute (CZMAI).
Public Utilities Commission.

	Don´t Know / Don´t Answer	Competent	User or interested	No relevant
Local Building Unit (LBU).
Housing Development.
Ministry of works.
National Emergency Management Organization (NEMO).
Central Building Authority (CBA).
Department of environment (DOE).
Climate Vulnerability Reduction Program (CVRP).
Hydrology Unit.
Ramón Frutos.

	Don´t Know / Don´t Answer	Competent	User or interested	No relevant
Department of Environment (DOE).Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) Plan.
Local Building Unit (LBU).
Central Building Authority (CBA).
Local Government.
Lands Information Center.
Physical Planning Unit.
Ministry of Natural Resources.
Urban Planning Department.
Belize Association of Planners (BAP).

	Don´t Know / Don´t Answer	Competent	User or interested	No relevant
Department of Environment (DOE).
COastal Zone Department.
Coastal Zone Management Agency.
Hol Chan Marine Reserve.
Fisheries Department.
Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre (CCCCC).
Nation Climate Change Office.
National Emergency Management Organization (NEMO).
Hydrology Unit.
Coastal Zone Management and Institute (CZMAI).
Sustainable Tourism Program II (STPII) Projects.

	Don´t Know / Don´t Answer	Competent	User or interested	No relevant
Department of Environment (DOE).
Coastal Zone Management Agency and Institute (CZMAI).
Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre (CCCCC).
Hol Chan Marine Reserve.
Fisheries Department.
Belize Tourism Board (BTB).
Local Building Unit (LBU).
Central Building Authority (CBA).
San Pedro Town Council (SPTC).
Caye Caulker Village Council (CCVC).
Belize Tourism Industry Association (BTIA).
Toledo Institute of Development Environment (TIDE).
Southern Environmental Association (SEA).
Ministry of Works.
Ministry of Natural Resources.
Local Municipalities.
Forest Department.
Environmental Research Institute (ERI).
Ambergris Caye Town Council.
Pilot in Dangriga and Hopkins.
National Climate Change Office (NCCO).
Lands Information Center (LIC).
Inter-American Development Bank (IDB).
Ministry of Tourism.
Association of Protected Areas Management (APAMO).

Coastal Disaster Risk Profile and Adaptation Recommendations Considering Climate Change Scenarios for Belize

Contact details

2. COLLECTION OF LOCAL FEED-BACK TO INFORM THE RRM CATALOGUE

Building codes and regulations

Initial Cost

Maintenance/Repair Cost

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Flood-proofing

Initial Cost

Maintenance/Repair Cost

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Land use regulations and urban planning

Initial Cost

Maintenance/Repair Cost

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Hazard, exposure, vulnerability and risk assessments under coastal flooding and erosion

Initial Cost

Maintenance/Repair Cost

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Maintenance of coastal structures, beach width, coastal ecosystems and habitats

Initial Cost

Maintenance/Repair Cost

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Beach restoration

Initial Cost

Maintenance/Repair Cost

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Wetland restoration

Initial Cost

Maintenance/Repair Cost

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Coral reef conservation

Initial Cost

Maintenance/Repair Cost

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Seawalls

Initial Cost

Maintenance/Repair Cost

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Breakwaters and groins

Initial Cost

Maintenance/Repair Cost

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Land claim

Initial Cost

Maintenance/Repair Cost

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Managed retreat

Initial Cost

Maintenance/Repair Cost

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Sand re-nourishment

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Maintenance/Repair Cost

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Early warning systems

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Maintenance/Repair Cost

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Emergency and contingency plans

Initial Cost

Maintenance/Repair Cost

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Education programs

Initial Cost

Maintenance/Repair Cost

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Raising awareness campaigns

Initial Cost

Maintenance/Repair Cost

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Clean-up and restoration activities

Initial Cost

Maintenance/Repair Cost

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